2006 HALL OF FAME INDUCTEES
Daryl M. Chapin (1906-1995), Calvin S. Fuller (1902-1994),
and Gerald L. Pearson (1905-1987), Bell Laboratories
and Gerald L. Pearson (1905-1987), Bell Laboratories
Back in the 1950 ' s Chapin, Fuller and Pearson were not planning to invent a solar cell, they were simply trying to solve problems within the Bell telephone system. Traditional dry-cell batteries worked fine in mild climates but degraded too rapidly in the tropics and ceased to work when needed. Hence, the company asked its famous research arm—Bell Laboratories—to explore alternative sources of freestanding power. Chapin got the assignment. Being a solar energy enthusiast, he suggested that the investigation include solar cells.
Chapin began work in February 1952, but his initial research with selenium was unproductive. In March 1953, Pearson was pioneering semiconductor research with Fuller. They took silicon solid- state devices from the experimental stage to commercialization. Fuller, a chemist, had discovered how to control the introduction of the impurities necessary to transform silicon from a poor to a superior conductor of electricity. Fuller provided Pearson with a piece of silicon containing a small concentration of gallium. Pearson dipped the gallium-rich silicon into a hot lithium bath. The spot where the lithium penetrated created an area of poorly bound electrons and became negatively charged.
Pearson conducted various tests on the rectifier. He shone light from a lamp onto the lithium-gallium silicon. An ammeter connected to the silicon recorded a significant electrical flow.
Pearson had made a solar cell superior to any other available at the time. Pearson advised Chapin to switch to silicon. Chapin's tests on this new material proved Pearson right. Exposing Pearson's silicon solar cell to strong sunlight, Chapin found that it performed five times more efficiently than selenium. How' s that for teamwork?
Chapin began work in February 1952, but his initial research with selenium was unproductive. In March 1953, Pearson was pioneering semiconductor research with Fuller. They took silicon solid- state devices from the experimental stage to commercialization. Fuller, a chemist, had discovered how to control the introduction of the impurities necessary to transform silicon from a poor to a superior conductor of electricity. Fuller provided Pearson with a piece of silicon containing a small concentration of gallium. Pearson dipped the gallium-rich silicon into a hot lithium bath. The spot where the lithium penetrated created an area of poorly bound electrons and became negatively charged.
Pearson conducted various tests on the rectifier. He shone light from a lamp onto the lithium-gallium silicon. An ammeter connected to the silicon recorded a significant electrical flow.
Pearson had made a solar cell superior to any other available at the time. Pearson advised Chapin to switch to silicon. Chapin's tests on this new material proved Pearson right. Exposing Pearson's silicon solar cell to strong sunlight, Chapin found that it performed five times more efficiently than selenium. How' s that for teamwork?
Henry Orenstein, Topper Toys Inc.
Awarded almost 100 U.S. patents, Henry Orenstein has brought happiness to many children with his safe, novel and educational toys. He began inventing toys about 52 years ago. The inventions that he is most proud of are: Johnny Lightning cars, his unique dolls, and the popular line of Transformer action figures.
The Johnny Lightning 500 cars and battery-less system made by his company, Topper Toys, Elizabeth, N.J., provided children with a fun way to increase their hand/eye coordination, along with developing quicker hand responses.
Mr. Orenstein brought new life to toy dolls by giving them human appearance such as blinking eyes, simulated hair growth, and reaction to light, pressure and temperature. In so doing, the doll becomes more exciting, attractive, educational and appealing to children .
In 1995 Orenstein was issued U.S. Patent 5,451,054 for an invention some might consider to be a toy for adults. Orenstein licensed this technology to Fox, NBC and other TV networks enabling poker tournaments to be displayed to an audience using a table having stations for receiving and scanning the image of each players down cards. The display can identify the down cards of the players to the audience without revealing the information to the other players so that the audience can fully observe the strategy of each player.
As a holocaust survivor and throughout his life, Henry Orenstein has not only endured, but also succeeded as an inventor, an author and philanthropist. He has authored several books, including I Shall Live, an account of his life changing experiences during World War II. And his Henry and Carolyn Sue Foundation supports hundreds of families and elderly individuals with grants for food, medical supplies, and other needs.
The Johnny Lightning 500 cars and battery-less system made by his company, Topper Toys, Elizabeth, N.J., provided children with a fun way to increase their hand/eye coordination, along with developing quicker hand responses.
Mr. Orenstein brought new life to toy dolls by giving them human appearance such as blinking eyes, simulated hair growth, and reaction to light, pressure and temperature. In so doing, the doll becomes more exciting, attractive, educational and appealing to children .
In 1995 Orenstein was issued U.S. Patent 5,451,054 for an invention some might consider to be a toy for adults. Orenstein licensed this technology to Fox, NBC and other TV networks enabling poker tournaments to be displayed to an audience using a table having stations for receiving and scanning the image of each players down cards. The display can identify the down cards of the players to the audience without revealing the information to the other players so that the audience can fully observe the strategy of each player.
As a holocaust survivor and throughout his life, Henry Orenstein has not only endured, but also succeeded as an inventor, an author and philanthropist. He has authored several books, including I Shall Live, an account of his life changing experiences during World War II. And his Henry and Carolyn Sue Foundation supports hundreds of families and elderly individuals with grants for food, medical supplies, and other needs.
Martin Lepselter, BTL Fellows, Inc.
(Retired from Bell Laboratories)
(Retired from Bell Laboratories)
Martin P. Lepselter's 56 described inventions are a fundamental piece of modern electronics technology. His inventions include plasma displays, uncooled IR detectors, e-beam lithography and more.
When Bell Telephone Laboratories unveiled beam-lead technology 40 years ago, it revolutionized reliability in ultrahigh-speed microelectronics with systems that seemingly operated forever without any device failures. The development team was led by Martin P. Lepselter who presented seminal work on beam-lead devices and integrated circuits at an Electron Devices Meeting in 1964. Lepselter, a member of the prestigious National Academy of Engineers recalled, "we created beam-lead technology, also known as air-bridge technology, for unsurpassed reliability in high-frequency silicon switching transistors and ultrahigh-speed integrated circuits for telecommunications and missile systems."
N. M. Ravindra, co-founder of the Microelectronics Research Center at NJIT, further explained the importance of Lepselter's invention. "Beam-lead technology required inventing the whole new field of silicon micro-machining, which is now our indispensable workhorse in Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). They are used to make microstructures in silicon wafers that can include tiny movable parts. Beam-lead technology is central to microwave electronics, for example, and MEMS are used to make such diverse products as ink-jet print heads and projection high definition televisions. Expertise in MEMS at NJIT was tapped a few years ago to prototype movable mirror devices for optical switches. Ravindra commented "We salute Martin Lepselter for the breadth of his pioneering achievements. We are indeed honored to recognize his association with NJIT on this occasion." Lepselter remains active in developing novel electronics and video display technologies through his Summit, N.J., think tank, BTL Fellows, and his role as distinguished physicist at NJIT.
When Bell Telephone Laboratories unveiled beam-lead technology 40 years ago, it revolutionized reliability in ultrahigh-speed microelectronics with systems that seemingly operated forever without any device failures. The development team was led by Martin P. Lepselter who presented seminal work on beam-lead devices and integrated circuits at an Electron Devices Meeting in 1964. Lepselter, a member of the prestigious National Academy of Engineers recalled, "we created beam-lead technology, also known as air-bridge technology, for unsurpassed reliability in high-frequency silicon switching transistors and ultrahigh-speed integrated circuits for telecommunications and missile systems."
N. M. Ravindra, co-founder of the Microelectronics Research Center at NJIT, further explained the importance of Lepselter's invention. "Beam-lead technology required inventing the whole new field of silicon micro-machining, which is now our indispensable workhorse in Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS). They are used to make microstructures in silicon wafers that can include tiny movable parts. Beam-lead technology is central to microwave electronics, for example, and MEMS are used to make such diverse products as ink-jet print heads and projection high definition televisions. Expertise in MEMS at NJIT was tapped a few years ago to prototype movable mirror devices for optical switches. Ravindra commented "We salute Martin Lepselter for the breadth of his pioneering achievements. We are indeed honored to recognize his association with NJIT on this occasion." Lepselter remains active in developing novel electronics and video display technologies through his Summit, N.J., think tank, BTL Fellows, and his role as distinguished physicist at NJIT.
Dennis Ritchie and Kenneth Thompson, Bell Laboratories
Dr. Ritchie has had immeasurable impact on the computing world with the UNIX® operating system and programming language inventions. In fact, much of the software running today's personal computers and the Internet-at-large uses technology that Ritchie invented or co-invented.
Ritchie joined Bell Labs in 1968, focusing his research on the design of computer languages and operating systems. After contributing to the MULTICS time-shared operating system in the 1960s, he and Bell Labs researcher Ken Thompson created UNIX in 1969—the operating system of most large Internet servers, businesses and universities. Later Ritchie designed and implemented the C Language for use on the UNIX operating system. Prized for its efficiency, C has since spread to many other operating systems and it is one of the most widely used programming languages.
Ritchie's current research at Bell Labs focuses on further refining the standards and technologies for the C software language. The goal of this research is to increase the reliability and security of this software to the point that it is not only ideal for all sorts of commercial applications but can be relied on to operate in long-term, unattended environments such as unmanned space exploration.
Ritchie holds an undergraduate degree in physics as well as masters and doctoral degrees in applied mathematics from Harvard University. He has been jointly awarded the ACM Turing Award, the IEEE Emmanuel Piore Award, the Richard W. Hamming Medal and the U.S. Medal of Technology.
Kenneth Thompson, retired Bell Labs Scientist, is one of the recipients of the 2003 Harold Pender Award, the highest honor bestowed by the University of Pennsylvania's School of Engineering and Applied Science. He shares this award with Dr. Ritchie.
Ritchie joined Bell Labs in 1968, focusing his research on the design of computer languages and operating systems. After contributing to the MULTICS time-shared operating system in the 1960s, he and Bell Labs researcher Ken Thompson created UNIX in 1969—the operating system of most large Internet servers, businesses and universities. Later Ritchie designed and implemented the C Language for use on the UNIX operating system. Prized for its efficiency, C has since spread to many other operating systems and it is one of the most widely used programming languages.
Ritchie's current research at Bell Labs focuses on further refining the standards and technologies for the C software language. The goal of this research is to increase the reliability and security of this software to the point that it is not only ideal for all sorts of commercial applications but can be relied on to operate in long-term, unattended environments such as unmanned space exploration.
Ritchie holds an undergraduate degree in physics as well as masters and doctoral degrees in applied mathematics from Harvard University. He has been jointly awarded the ACM Turing Award, the IEEE Emmanuel Piore Award, the Richard W. Hamming Medal and the U.S. Medal of Technology.
Kenneth Thompson, retired Bell Labs Scientist, is one of the recipients of the 2003 Harold Pender Award, the highest honor bestowed by the University of Pennsylvania's School of Engineering and Applied Science. He shares this award with Dr. Ritchie.
INVENTOR OF THE YEAR
Claude E. Gagna, New York Institute of Technology
Claude Gagna's recent patent, "Method for immobilizing multi-stranded nucleic acid molecules by modifying more than one strand thereof, and binding each strand to a solid support," is the result of many years of dedication and hard work. This invention is enhancing drug discovery, lowering cost of the drug development process and will help molecular biologists develop cures for diseases such as cancer.
DNA micro-arrays are universally accepted as one of the most powerful technologies ever conceived by science. Dr. Gagna's novel multi-stranded helical transitional DNA (and RNA) micro-array represents the next generation of DNA micro-arrays. This invention is a major breakthrough and ahead of its time, according to W. Clark Lambert, M.D., Ph.D., Professor, Departments of Pathology and Medicine at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
This novel micro-array allows researchers to characterize the complex interaction of hundreds of different drugs and chemicals with thousands of different types of DNA molecules, namely intact, unaltered multi-stranded DNA. The micro-array also allows for the characterization of interactions of drugs with different helical structural conformations of DNA and RNA, namely left-handed Z-DNA and right handed B-DNA. Thus, this invention will help in the development of treatments for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cataracts and Alzheimer's, according to Dr. Lambert. One day, triple-stranded and four-stranded DNA maybe used to turn "off' bad genes, such as cancer genes.
DNA micro-arrays are universally accepted as one of the most powerful technologies ever conceived by science. Dr. Gagna's novel multi-stranded helical transitional DNA (and RNA) micro-array represents the next generation of DNA micro-arrays. This invention is a major breakthrough and ahead of its time, according to W. Clark Lambert, M.D., Ph.D., Professor, Departments of Pathology and Medicine at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
This novel micro-array allows researchers to characterize the complex interaction of hundreds of different drugs and chemicals with thousands of different types of DNA molecules, namely intact, unaltered multi-stranded DNA. The micro-array also allows for the characterization of interactions of drugs with different helical structural conformations of DNA and RNA, namely left-handed Z-DNA and right handed B-DNA. Thus, this invention will help in the development of treatments for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cataracts and Alzheimer's, according to Dr. Lambert. One day, triple-stranded and four-stranded DNA maybe used to turn "off' bad genes, such as cancer genes.
Yeheskel Bar-Ness, New Jersey Institute of TechnologY
Dr. Bar-Ness has published more than 200 papers and has a U.S. patent on smart antennas. He also has 13 patents pending with the assignee being the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). He has worked for 40 years to advance the field of electrical and computer engineering. Currently, Bar-Ness directs the Center for Communications and Signal Processing Research (CCSPR) at NJIT. The Center collaborates with industry, government and other universities to improve many aspects of wireless communications.
Researchers at CCSPR developed a set of algorithms that have become industry standards used to facilitate code division multiple access (CDMA), a widely used digital cell phone technology. It eliminates interference commonly caused by high cell phone usage. CDMA is the technology of choice for Verizon and Sprint-Nextel wireless networks in the U.S., as well as some other wireless networks overseas. The OFDM/ MIMO technologies that Bar- Ness was involved with are now being deployed in WLAN and WiMax networks for wireless voice and data .
Also, he has been a principal investigator or co-principal investigator on research grants or contracts supported by the National Science Foundation, the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology, the U.S. Army, the U.S. Air Force and Naval Oceanic Center.
Dr. Bar- Ness was recently honored by the IEEE for his "outstanding, sustained and visionary contributions," to the IEEE's publications, and for founding the journal IEEE Communications Letters. Dr. Bar-Ness' work contributed greatly to the New Jersey economy and to the well-deserved fame New Jersey has for innovation in wireless technology, notes Ray Pickholtz, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, George Washington University and Former President of the IEEE Communications Society. Bar-Ness' passion for excellence has inspired two generations of students who have become innovators and leaders, added Picholtz.
Researchers at CCSPR developed a set of algorithms that have become industry standards used to facilitate code division multiple access (CDMA), a widely used digital cell phone technology. It eliminates interference commonly caused by high cell phone usage. CDMA is the technology of choice for Verizon and Sprint-Nextel wireless networks in the U.S., as well as some other wireless networks overseas. The OFDM/ MIMO technologies that Bar- Ness was involved with are now being deployed in WLAN and WiMax networks for wireless voice and data .
Also, he has been a principal investigator or co-principal investigator on research grants or contracts supported by the National Science Foundation, the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology, the U.S. Army, the U.S. Air Force and Naval Oceanic Center.
Dr. Bar- Ness was recently honored by the IEEE for his "outstanding, sustained and visionary contributions," to the IEEE's publications, and for founding the journal IEEE Communications Letters. Dr. Bar-Ness' work contributed greatly to the New Jersey economy and to the well-deserved fame New Jersey has for innovation in wireless technology, notes Ray Pickholtz, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, George Washington University and Former President of the IEEE Communications Society. Bar-Ness' passion for excellence has inspired two generations of students who have become innovators and leaders, added Picholtz.
INNOVATORS AWARD
Lyman Spitzer, Jr. (1914 - 1997) Princeton
Plasma Physics Laboratory
Plasma Physics Laboratory
During World War II, Dr. Spitzer did underwater sound research, working with a team that led to the development of sonar. In 1946, he proposed that an observatory be placed in space where it could detect a wide range of wavelengths, and not suffer the obscuring effect of our atmosphere. Also, he wrote a paper that described in detail the advantages of putting a telescope in space. He worked for 50 years to make this vision become a reality with the Hubble Space Telescope.
In 1947, Princeton University appointed Spitzer chairman of the Astrophysical Sciences Department. He also became director of Princeton's Observatory.
Along with Martin Schwarzchild, he built the department into a major research facility. While at Princeton, Spitzer made many contributions to the field of astrophysics. He is considered the founder of the study of interstellar medium-the gas and dust among the stars from which new stars form. He had studied in detail interstellar dust grains and magnetic fields as well as the motions of star clusters and their evolution.
Also, he investigated star formation regions and was among the first to suggest that bright stars in spiral galaxies formed recently. In addition, he accurately predicted the existence of a hot galactic halo surrounding our Milky Way galaxy.
In 1951, Spitzer founded the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a pioneering program in controlled thermonuclear research. His efforts were among the first to harness nuclear fusion as a clean source of energy. He remained the Laboratory's director until 1967.
In 1976, NASA awarded its Distinguished Public Service Medal to Spitzer for his efforts in rocket and high altitude balloon astronomy.
In 1947, Princeton University appointed Spitzer chairman of the Astrophysical Sciences Department. He also became director of Princeton's Observatory.
Along with Martin Schwarzchild, he built the department into a major research facility. While at Princeton, Spitzer made many contributions to the field of astrophysics. He is considered the founder of the study of interstellar medium-the gas and dust among the stars from which new stars form. He had studied in detail interstellar dust grains and magnetic fields as well as the motions of star clusters and their evolution.
Also, he investigated star formation regions and was among the first to suggest that bright stars in spiral galaxies formed recently. In addition, he accurately predicted the existence of a hot galactic halo surrounding our Milky Way galaxy.
In 1951, Spitzer founded the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a pioneering program in controlled thermonuclear research. His efforts were among the first to harness nuclear fusion as a clean source of energy. He remained the Laboratory's director until 1967.
In 1976, NASA awarded its Distinguished Public Service Medal to Spitzer for his efforts in rocket and high altitude balloon astronomy.
Frank B. Gilbreth (1868 – 1924) Gilbreth Inc
Frank Gilbreth is best known for his work with construction workers on the efficiency of motion. Much of his success emerged from his continuous search for greater efficiency. He observed that people don't always move the same way while working. His theory was that by increasing worker efficiency, they would feel less tired and produce more with less effort.
According to Dennis Karwatka, Professor Emeritus, Department of Industrial and Engineering Technology, Morehead State University, Gilbreth's construction improvements include new scaffolds for bricklayers, better conveyors and more effective concrete mixers.
After marrying Lillian Moller, Gilbreth and his wife analyzed work habits to minimize nonproductive motions. They instituted the use of process charts and motion picture methods to analyze work techniques. Among their recommendations were rest periods and promoting positive thinking to raise morale and subsequently increase output.
Later, he became a major in World War I with the Army Corps of Engineers, received many awards and other forms of recognition. In 1924 Gilbreth started the International Management Congress to offer data on American production techniques to other countries. But before he could attend a meeting in Prague, he passed away. He developed many of the concepts and applications that are now part of modern management techniques.
With his wife and professional partner, Lillian, Gilbreth introduced the application of psychology to industrial management. He also developed intricate studies of motion that he adapted for use by injured soldiers and the physically disabled, as well as laborers. His work established that psychology and education are integral parts of successful workforce management.
According to Dennis Karwatka, Professor Emeritus, Department of Industrial and Engineering Technology, Morehead State University, Gilbreth's construction improvements include new scaffolds for bricklayers, better conveyors and more effective concrete mixers.
After marrying Lillian Moller, Gilbreth and his wife analyzed work habits to minimize nonproductive motions. They instituted the use of process charts and motion picture methods to analyze work techniques. Among their recommendations were rest periods and promoting positive thinking to raise morale and subsequently increase output.
Later, he became a major in World War I with the Army Corps of Engineers, received many awards and other forms of recognition. In 1924 Gilbreth started the International Management Congress to offer data on American production techniques to other countries. But before he could attend a meeting in Prague, he passed away. He developed many of the concepts and applications that are now part of modern management techniques.
With his wife and professional partner, Lillian, Gilbreth introduced the application of psychology to industrial management. He also developed intricate studies of motion that he adapted for use by injured soldiers and the physically disabled, as well as laborers. His work established that psychology and education are integral parts of successful workforce management.
John von Neumann (1903 - 1957)
Institute for Advanced StudY
Institute for Advanced StudY
Von Neumann, a Hungarian-born American mathematician was the originator of the theory of games and an important contributor to computer technology.
In 1930 he came to the U.S. and taught mathematical physics at Princeton University until 1933 when he was invited to join The Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, a position he held until his death in 1957.
John Von Neumann was among the first to consider the structure of the mathematics involved in logical programming methods that computers use, according to Dennis Karwatka, Professor Emeritus, Department of Industrial and Engineering Technology, Morehead State University. Von Neumann did more than anyone else to establish electronic computer logic. It was his belief that computers should be built as general-purpose logic machines, explains Karwatka.
In addition, von Neumann's theoretical work was important in the creation of improved computers. Many people acknowledge von Neumann as the inventor behind two computer components: memory, and a control unit to convey data among various parts of the memory.
In the 1930s, economics found itself in need of developing an appropriate language in which to express and resolve its problems. Von Neumann contributed the minimax theorem of 1928. It establishes that in certain zero-sum games involving perfect information, there exists one strategy that allows both players to minimize their maximum losses. He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players. This work resulted in The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior published in 1944.
In 1930 he came to the U.S. and taught mathematical physics at Princeton University until 1933 when he was invited to join The Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, a position he held until his death in 1957.
John Von Neumann was among the first to consider the structure of the mathematics involved in logical programming methods that computers use, according to Dennis Karwatka, Professor Emeritus, Department of Industrial and Engineering Technology, Morehead State University. Von Neumann did more than anyone else to establish electronic computer logic. It was his belief that computers should be built as general-purpose logic machines, explains Karwatka.
In addition, von Neumann's theoretical work was important in the creation of improved computers. Many people acknowledge von Neumann as the inventor behind two computer components: memory, and a control unit to convey data among various parts of the memory.
In the 1930s, economics found itself in need of developing an appropriate language in which to express and resolve its problems. Von Neumann contributed the minimax theorem of 1928. It establishes that in certain zero-sum games involving perfect information, there exists one strategy that allows both players to minimize their maximum losses. He improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players. This work resulted in The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior published in 1944.
GRADUATE STUDENT AWARDS
Sudhakar Shet, New Jersey Institute of Technology
As the inventor of a method for magnetic field assisted assembly, and a method for bonding a semiconductor on an insulator, Sudhakar Shet's work will have a profound effect on semiconductor manufacturing and will revolutionize the heterogeneous integration of high performance electrical, micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and optoelectronic devices on the same substrate. This can lead to development of low-cost, high performance micro-systems.
Shet's technological breakthrough also involves a method for bonding two different wafer types, for example, silicon and other materials such as Gallium Arsenide or Indium Phosphide shown on the III- V part of the periodic chart. In addition, thanks to his work, a semiconductor can be made on an insulator, resulting in combinations such as Sulfur, Oxygen and Iodine; Germanium, Oxygen and Iodine; and Silicon, Germanium and Iodine.
His invention preserves all the advantages of modern semiconductor processing and avoids compromising or damaging the preexisting electronics on the wafer. The process uses very large diameter silicon wafers but yet is an efficient, simple and reliable method. His method permits wafer-level batch processing and monolithic integration. Results show significantly enhanced yield through intermediate testing of the device and circuit so that assembly of defective devices can be avoided.
Shet's technological breakthrough also involves a method for bonding two different wafer types, for example, silicon and other materials such as Gallium Arsenide or Indium Phosphide shown on the III- V part of the periodic chart. In addition, thanks to his work, a semiconductor can be made on an insulator, resulting in combinations such as Sulfur, Oxygen and Iodine; Germanium, Oxygen and Iodine; and Silicon, Germanium and Iodine.
His invention preserves all the advantages of modern semiconductor processing and avoids compromising or damaging the preexisting electronics on the wafer. The process uses very large diameter silicon wafers but yet is an efficient, simple and reliable method. His method permits wafer-level batch processing and monolithic integration. Results show significantly enhanced yield through intermediate testing of the device and circuit so that assembly of defective devices can be avoided.
Dimitrios Zarkadas, New Jersey Institute of Technology
By adopting the bore of polymeric hollow fine fibers having a solid wall as the environment in which cooling crystallization occurs in the solution flowing through the hollow fiber opening, Mr. Zarkadas overcame the traditional shortcomings of batch-stirred cooling crystallizers. The temperature difference between the inside wall and the crystallizing solution temperature could be kept as low as I to 2 degrees Centigrade compared with a 5 to 10 degree Centigrade difference in traditional crystallizers.
Thus, supersaturation creation at each hollow fiber cross-section was relatively uniform. Flow conditions could be easily controlled; thus residence time could be managed with great accuracy. Scale-up problems are eliminated since every hollow fiber operates as a separate and essentially identical crystallizer. He showed the utility of this by the cooling crystallization of potassium nitrate from an aqueous solution, among other methods.
To facilitate better temperature control in the Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling crystallizers (SHFC), he developed an effective model of heat transfer in the solid-wall hollow fiber device, studied heat transfer in this type of heat exchanger and showed how useful it can be in pharmaceutical processing environments for crystallization and heat exchange.
These polymeric heat exchangers are an order of magnitude smaller, four times lighter and an environmentally benign substitute for the conventional bulky and costly metallic heat exchangers.
Thus, supersaturation creation at each hollow fiber cross-section was relatively uniform. Flow conditions could be easily controlled; thus residence time could be managed with great accuracy. Scale-up problems are eliminated since every hollow fiber operates as a separate and essentially identical crystallizer. He showed the utility of this by the cooling crystallization of potassium nitrate from an aqueous solution, among other methods.
To facilitate better temperature control in the Solid Hollow Fiber Cooling crystallizers (SHFC), he developed an effective model of heat transfer in the solid-wall hollow fiber device, studied heat transfer in this type of heat exchanger and showed how useful it can be in pharmaceutical processing environments for crystallization and heat exchange.
These polymeric heat exchangers are an order of magnitude smaller, four times lighter and an environmentally benign substitute for the conventional bulky and costly metallic heat exchangers.